---
title: "European Economic Area — AI & Intellectual Property | Global AI Monitor"
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description: "European Economic Area — AI & Intellectual Property: 06 AI & Intellectual Property Active Under review ▾ # Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (Date not recorded): Article 4 allows text and data mining unless rights are"
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# European Economic Area — AI & Intellectual Property | Global AI Monitor

### 06AI & Intellectual PropertyActive Derived: Probable▾#

Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive (Date not recorded): Article 4 allows text and data mining unless rights are reserved, and Article 15 press publishers' right is at issue in Case C-250/25.

6 instruments · 3 obligations · 15 claims · Next: 1 Jan 2027 (Danish minister's hoped-for start of the deepfake copyright amendment)

6 instruments (6 current) · 3 obligations · 15 claims · 2 milestones

Instruments

- Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive Date not recordedArticle 4 allows text and data mining unless rights are reserved, and Article 15 press publishers' right is at issue in Case C-250/25.Legal force not established · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj)
- Denmark: draft Copyright Act amendment on realistic digital imitations (deepfakes) Draft, no legal forceDraft Danish copyright amendment protecting people's likeness and voice against realistic AI imitations, with satire and parody carve-outs.Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/denmarks-proposed-copyright-rules-deepfakes-2026-06-01_en)
- Digital Omnibus on data (GDPR, ePrivacy and data acquis amendments) Draft, no legal forceCommission proposal that would let controllers rely on legitimate interest for AI training and operation.Verified 8 Oct 2026
- EDPB Opinion 28/2024 on data protection aspects of AI models Valid from 2024-12-17European Data Protection Board opinion on anonymity of AI models, legitimate interest and the consequences of unlawfully processed training data.Non-binding · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/documents/2024-12/edpb_opinion_202428_ai-models_en.pdf)
- European Parliament report on copyright and generative AI (A10-0019/2026) Date not recordedParliament own-initiative report on copyright and generative AI (procedure 2025/2058(INI)), adopted text P10_TA(2026)0066.Non-binding · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-10-2026-0019_EN.html)
- Italian Law on artificial intelligence Valid from 2025-10-10Italian national framework law designating AgID and ACN, regulating AI in work and professions, copyright and criminal law.Binding · Authority: National Cybersecurity Agency (ACN), Agenzia per l'Italia digitale (AgID) · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/id/2025/09/25/25G00143/sg)

Obligations

- Article 53(1)(c)Providers of general-purpose AI models must put in place a policy to comply with Union copyright law, including identifying and complying with rights reservations under Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790.other · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
- Article 4(3)The text and data mining exception for lawful access applies only where rightholders have not expressly reserved their rights in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means for online content.other · Applies to: other · Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive
- Art. 25(1)(b), inserting Art. 70-septies of Law 633/1941Reproductions and extractions from lawfully accessible works for text and data mining by AI systems are permitted in line with Articles 70-ter and 70-quater.other · Applies to: other · Italian Law on artificial intelligence

Milestones

- 10 Oct 2025Italian Law 132/2025 enters into force MetItalian Law on artificial intelligence
- 1 Jan 2027 (month)Danish minister's hoped-for start of the deepfake copyright amendment UpcomingDenmark: draft Copyright Act amendment on realistic digital imitations (deepfakes)

Claims and evidence (15)
- GPAI providers must keep technical documentation, inform downstream providers, maintain a copyright-compliance policy and publish a training-content summary.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(a)Providers of general-purpose AI models shall: (a) draw up and keep up-to-date the technical documentation of the model, including its training and testing process
- [Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(c)put in place a policy to comply with Union law on copyright and related rights, in particular to identify and comply with the reservation of rights expressed by rightsholders pursuant to Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790.
- [Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(d)draw up and make publicly available a sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training of the general-purpose AI model, according to a template provided by the AI Office.

- The CJEU held its first hearing on generative AI and copyright in Like Company v Google (C-250/25) on 24 April 2026; the status of any Advocate General opinion is unconfirmed.Confidence: Uncertain · As of 24 Apr 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[CJEU Grand Chamber rules on music sampling and pastiche - First CJEU hearing on generative AI and copyright: Like Company v Google](https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/cjeu-grand-chamber-rules-music-sampling-and-pastiche-first-cjeu-hearing-generative-ai-and-copyright-2026-04-24_en) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · TitleFirst CJEU hearing on generative AI and copyright: Like Company v Google - IP Helpdesk ... News blog - 24 April 2026 - European Innovation Council and SMEs Executive Agency - 5 min read

- The Article 4 text and data mining exception applies only where rightholders have not expressly reserved their rights in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means for online content.Confidence: Probable · evidencedEvidence and sources[Directive (EU) 2019/790 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 4(3)The exception or limitation provided for in paragraph 1 shall apply on condition that the use of works and other subject matter referred to in that paragraph has not been expressly reserved by their rightholders in an appropriate manner, such as machine-readable means in the case of content made publicly available online.

- On 29 September 2026 the Commission announced it is gathering feedback on options for future measures on technology, including AI, and effective copyright protection.Confidence: Probable · As of 29 Sep 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[EU copyright law](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/copyright-legislation) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Latest news, 29 September 2026The European Commission is gathering feedback on challenges and options for potential future measures to support the impact of technology, including artificial intelligence, on the effective copyright protection amid market and technology developments of creative works and innovations.

- Case C-250/25 Like Company v Google Ireland, a preliminary reference lodged 3 April 2025 concerning chatbot outputs reproducing press publisher content, held its first oral hearing on 10 March 2026.Confidence: Confirmed · As of 10 Mar 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Case C-250/25 Like Company - summary of the request for a preliminary ruling](https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=300681&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=5279466) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · HeaderDate lodged: 3 April 2025 Referring court: Budapest Környéki Törvényszék (Hungary) Date of the decision to refer: 10 March 2025 Applicant: Like Company Defendant: Google Ireland Limited Subject matter of the main proceedings The display, in the responses of a chatbot based on a large language model ('LLM'), of a text partially
- [Case C-250/25 Like Company - summary of the request for a preliminary ruling](https://curia.europa.eu/juris/showPdf.jsf?text=&docid=300681&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=5279466) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Subject matterThe display, in the responses of a chatbot based on a large language model ('LLM'), of a text partially identical to the content of the website of a press publisher, and also the communication to the public, reproduction and possible free use of that content.
- [Case C-250/25, Like Company v Google Ireland Limited (OJ C/2025/3039)](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ:C_202503039) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · TitleRequest for a preliminary ruling from the Budapest Környéki Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 3 April 2025 – Like Company v Google Ireland Limited Case C-250/25, Like Company: Request for a preliminary ruling from the Budapest Környéki Törvényszék (Hungary) lodged on 3 April 2025 – Like Company v Google Ireland Limited Case
- [CJEU Grand Chamber rules on music sampling and pastiche - First CJEU hearing on generative AI and copyright: Like Company v Google](https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/cjeu-grand-chamber-rules-music-sampling-and-pastiche-first-cjeu-hearing-generative-ai-and-copyright-2026-04-24_en) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · BodyOn 10 March 2026, the Court of Justice of the European Union held its first oral hearing on generative artificial intelligence and copyright in case C-250/25, *Like Company v Google Ireland Limited*.

- Derived: Probable GEMA reports that the Munich Regional Court ruled on 11 November 2025 that OpenAI needed rights to song lyrics for training and operating ChatGPT.Confidence: Uncertain · As of 11 Nov 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Erstes KI-Grundsatzurteil in Europa: GEMA setzt sich gegen OpenAI durch](https://www.gema.de/de/w/grundsatzurteil-gema-gegen-openai) T3 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · BodyThe Munich Regional Court states unequivocally in its judgment that OpenAI would have had to acquire, for the training and operation of ChatGPT, the rights to the song lyrics in suit of German authors from the GEMA repertoire.

- Derived: Probable GEMA reports a Munich Regional Court decision against SUNO announced 31 July 2026 in a case filed 21 January 2025.Confidence: Uncertain · As of 31 Jul 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Gericht entscheidet pro Musikschaffende: GEMA setzt sich gegen SUNO durch](https://www.gema.de/de/w/suno-entscheidung-2026) T3 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · BodyGEMA filed its lawsuit against SUNO at the Munich Regional Court on 21 January 2025 in order to enforce its members' right to remuneration for the use of their works.

- Derived: Probable Heise reports that the Higher Regional Court Hamburg dismissed the photographer's appeal against LAION and allowed a further appeal on points of law.Confidence: Uncertain · As of 10 Dec 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[KI-Training: Normalsprachlicher Nutzungsvorbehalt reicht OLG Hamburg nicht](https://www.heise.de/news/KI-Training-Normalsprachlicher-Nutzungsvorbehalt-reicht-OLG-Hamburg-nicht-11111489.html) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · LeadThe Higher Regional Court in Hamburg has dismissed the appeal in a photographer's lawsuit against the AI-model-training association Laion, but has allowed an appeal on points of law (Revision).

- The European Parliament report A10-0019/2026 on copyright and generative AI lists adopted text P10_TA(2026)0066.Confidence: Probable · evidencedEvidence and sources[Report A10-0019/2026 on copyright and generative artificial intelligence](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-10-2026-0019_EN.html) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Report titlecopyright and generative artificial intelligence – opportunities and challenges 25.2.2026 - (2025/2058(INI)) Committee on Legal Affairs Rapporteur: Axel Voss PR_INI Procedure : 2025/2058(INI) Document stages in plenary Document selected : A10-0019/2026 Texts tabled : A10-0019/2026 Debates : Votes : Texts adopted :
- [Report A10-0019/2026 on copyright and generative artificial intelligence](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-10-2026-0019_EN.html) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Procedure boxTexts adopted : P10_TA(2026)0066 - MOTION FOR A EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT RESOLUTION - EXPLANATORY STATEMENT - ANNEX: DECLARATION OF INPUT - INFORMATION ON ADOPTION IN COMMITTEE RESPONSIBLE - FINAL VOTE BY

- Article 25 of Law 132/2025 inserts Article 70-septies into Law 633/1941, permitting TDM reproductions and extractions by AI systems in line with Articles 70-ter and 70-quater.Confidence: Probable · As of 10 Oct 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Gazzetta Ufficiale Serie Generale n. 223 of 25-9-2025 (Legge 132/2025 full text)](https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/2025/09/25/223/sg/pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Art. 25(1)(b), inserting Art. 70-septies l. 633/1941reproductions and extractions from works or other materials contained in the network or in databases to which one has lawful access, for the purposes of text and data mining through artificial intelligence models and systems, including generative ones, are permitted in accordance with the provisions of Articles 70-ter and 70-quater

- The European Data Protection Board adopted Opinion 28/2024 on data protection aspects of the processing of personal data in the context of AI models on 17 December 2024.Confidence: Confirmed · As of 17 Dec 2024 · evidencedEvidence and sources[EDPB Opinion 28/2024 on data protection aspects of AI models](https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/documents/2024-12/edpb_opinion_202428_ai-models_en.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Title pageOpinion 28/2024 on certain data protection aspects related to the processing of personal data in the context of AI models Adopted on 17 December 2024

- The Digital Omnibus on data (COM(2025) 837) was tabled by the Commission on 19 November 2025 and is at the Tabled status.Confidence: Probable · As of 19 Nov 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[The Digital Omnibus Regulation Proposal (Legislative Train Schedule)](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-plan-for-europe-s-sustainable-prosperity-and-competitiveness/file-digital-package) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Sharing informationThe Digital Omnibus Regulation proposal was tabled on 19 November 2025 by the Commission, as part of its digital package simplification programme, announced in the 2025 Commission work programme.
- [The Digital Omnibus Regulation Proposal (Legislative Train Schedule)](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-plan-for-europe-s-sustainable-prosperity-and-competitiveness/file-digital-package) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Header metadataStatus: Tabled - Type: Legislative - Package: Digital package

- The proposal would let companies rely on the GDPR legitimate-interest basis to use personal data for training or operating AI systems, subject to conditions.Confidence: Probable · As of 19 Nov 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[The Digital Omnibus Regulation Proposal (Legislative Train Schedule)](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-plan-for-europe-s-sustainable-prosperity-and-competitiveness/file-digital-package) T2 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Sharing informationCompanies would be able to rely on the GDPR's 'legitimate interest' legal basis to use personal data for training or operating AI systems and models, subject to certain conditions.

- Denmark has notified to the European Commission, under TRIS procedure 2025/0654/DK, a draft act amending its Copyright Act to address realistic AI-generated digital imitations (deepfakes).Confidence: Confirmed · As of 1 Jun 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Denmark's proposed copyright rules on deepfakes](https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/denmarks-proposed-copyright-rules-deepfakes-2026-06-01_en) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Opening paragraphDenmark has notified a draft act amending its Copyright Act to address realistic digitally generated imitations, commonly known as 'deepfakes'.

- Under the notified Danish draft, unauthorised publication of realistic AI-generated imitations of a person would be illegal and could be reported to online sharing platforms as illegal content, subject to satire and parody exceptions.Confidence: Confirmed · As of 1 Jun 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Denmark's proposed copyright rules on deepfakes](https://intellectual-property-helpdesk.ec.europa.eu/news-events/news/denmarks-proposed-copyright-rules-deepfakes-2026-06-01_en) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · BodyAs set out in the TRIS notification, such unauthorised publication would be illegal under Danish law, and the content could be reported to online sharing platforms as illegal content.

Open evidence