---
title: "European Economic Area — General-Purpose AI | Global AI Monitor"
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description: "European Economic Area — General-Purpose AI: 04 General-Purpose AI Active Under review ▾ # Artificial Intelligence Act (Valid from 2024-08-01): Horizontal EU regulation setting risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose"
generated_at: 2026-10-25T22:24:54Z
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---
# European Economic Area — General-Purpose AI | Global AI Monitor

### 04General-Purpose AIActive Derived: Probable▾#

Artificial Intelligence Act (Valid from 2024-08-01): Horizontal EU regulation setting risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose AI models, applying in stages from 2 February 2025 to 2 August 2028 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744.

4 instruments · 5 obligations · 7 claims · Next: 2 Aug 2027 (Providers of GPAI models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply)

4 instruments (4 current) · 5 obligations · 7 claims · 5 milestones

Instruments

- Artificial Intelligence Act Valid from 2024-08-01Horizontal EU regulation setting risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose AI models, applying in stages from 2 February 2025 to 2 August 2028 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744.Binding · Authority: European AI Office (European Commission), European Data Protection Supervisor · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj)
- Commission guidelines for providers of general-purpose AI models Date not recordedCommission guidelines clarifying the scope of obligations for GPAI model providers.Non-binding · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers)
- General-Purpose AI Code of Practice Valid from 2025-07-10Voluntary code on safety, transparency and copyright for GPAI model providers, published 10 July 2025.Non-binding · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai)
- Implementing Regulation on the scientific panel of independent experts Date not recordedEstablishes the scientific panel that advises the AI Office and national authorities on general-purpose AI models with systemic risk.Binding · Authority: Scientific Panel of independent experts under the AI Act · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/454/oj)

Obligations

- Article 53(1)(a)-(b)Providers of general-purpose AI models must keep up-to-date technical documentation for the AI Office and national authorities and provide information to downstream providers integrating the model.documentation · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
- Article 53(1)(c)Providers of general-purpose AI models must put in place a policy to comply with Union copyright law, including identifying and complying with rights reservations under Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790.other · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
- Article 53(1)(d)Providers of general-purpose AI models must publish a sufficiently detailed summary of the content used for training according to the AI Office template.transparency disclosure · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
- Article 55(1)Providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk must evaluate and adversarially test the model, assess and mitigate systemic risks, report serious incidents and ensure cybersecurity protection.risk management · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
- Article 10(2)Experts on the scientific panel must be independent from any provider of AI systems or general-purpose AI models.other · Applies to: other · Implementing Regulation on the scientific panel of independent experts

Milestones

- 1 Aug 2024Entry into force of the AI Act MetArtificial Intelligence Act
- 2 Feb 2025Chapters I and II (definitions, prohibitions) apply MetArtificial Intelligence Act
- 2 Aug 2025Governance, GPAI obligations and penalties apply; Member States designate authorities MetArtificial Intelligence Act
- 2 Aug 2026General application; Article 50 transparency rules and enforcement start MetArtificial Intelligence Act
- 2 Aug 2027Providers of GPAI models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply UpcomingArtificial Intelligence Act

Claims and evidence (7)
- A GPAI model is presumed to carry systemic risk when cumulative training compute exceeds 10^25 FLOPs.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 51(2)A general-purpose AI model shall be presumed to have high impact capabilities pursuant to paragraph 1, point (a), when the cumulative amount of computation used for its training measured in floating point operations is greater than 1025.

- GPAI providers must keep technical documentation, inform downstream providers, maintain a copyright-compliance policy and publish a training-content summary.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(a)Providers of general-purpose AI models shall: (a) draw up and keep up-to-date the technical documentation of the model, including its training and testing process
- [Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(c)put in place a policy to comply with Union law on copyright and related rights, in particular to identify and comply with the reservation of rights expressed by rightsholders pursuant to Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790.
- [Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 53(1)(d)draw up and make publicly available a sufficiently detailed summary about the content used for training of the general-purpose AI model, according to a template provided by the AI Office.

- Providers of GPAI models with systemic risk must additionally evaluate and adversarially test the model, mitigate systemic risks, report serious incidents and secure the model.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 (Artificial Intelligence Act), Official Journal text](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 55(1)In addition to the obligations listed in Articles 53 and 54, providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk shall: (a) perform model evaluation in accordance with standardised protocols

- Derived: Probable The Commission may fine GPAI providers up to EUR 15 million or 3% of worldwide turnover, whichever is higher, under Article 101(1).Confidence: Confirmed · evidencedEvidence and sources[AI Act Service Desk: Article 101](https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-101) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 101(1)The Commission may impose on providers of general-purpose AI models fines not exceeding 3 % of their annual total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year or EUR 15 000 000, whichever is higher.

- The Commission issued guidelines clarifying the scope of obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models.Confidence: Probable · evidencedEvidence and sources[Guidelines for providers of general-purpose AI models](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/guidelines-gpai-providers) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · LeadThe Commission has issued guidelines to clarify the scope of the obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models under the AI Act.

- The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice was published on 10 July 2025 and providers who voluntarily sign it can use adherence to show compliance with the AI Act.Confidence: Probable · As of 10 Jul 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · LeadThe code was published on July 10, 2025.
- [The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice](https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/contents-code-gpai) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EndorsementFollowing the endorsement, AI model providers who voluntarily sign it can show they comply with the AI Act by adhering to the code.

- Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/454 establishes the scientific panel of independent experts in the field of artificial intelligence.Confidence: Confirmed · As of 7 Mar 2025 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/454 on the scientific panel of independent experts](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/454/oj/eng) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 2The scientific panel of independent experts in the field of artificial intelligence (the 'scientific panel') is hereby established.
- [Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/454 on the scientific panel of independent experts](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg_impl/2025/454/oj/eng) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 20This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Open evidence