---
title: "United States – California — General-Purpose AI | Global AI Monitor"
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description: "United States – California — General-Purpose AI: 04 General-Purpose AI Active Under review ▾ # Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (Adopted 2026-06-02; entry into force not recor"
generated_at: 2026-10-25T22:24:54Z
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---
# United States – California — General-Purpose AI | Global AI Monitor

### 04General-Purpose AIActive Derived: Probable▾#

Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (Adopted 2026-06-02; entry into force not recorded): Federal executive order directing agencies to improve cyber defence, create a voluntary frontier-model deployment framework built on a classified cyber benchmark, and protect against criminal actors; states it does not authorise mandatory licensing or preclearance.

4 instruments · 5 obligations · 20 claims · Next: 16 Nov 2026 (GovOps/Cal OES recommendations on frontier AI safety amendments due to Governor)

4 instruments (3 current) · 5 obligations · 20 claims · 4 milestones

Instruments

- Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security Adopted 2026-06-02; entry into force not recordedFederal executive order directing agencies to improve cyber defence, create a voluntary frontier-model deployment framework built on a classified cyber benchmark, and protect against criminal actors; states it does not authorise mandatory licensing or preclearance. It contains no text addressing state AI laws.Binding · Authority: The White House (President) · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/)
- Executive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations In force since 2026-09-18Directs the Government Operations Agency to accelerate SB 813 and AB 1405 implementation (May 1, 2027 and December 1, 2027) and, with Cal OES, to recommend stronger frontier AI safeguards by November 16, 2026.Binding · Authority: California Government Operations Agency (GovOps) · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf)
- Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (SB 53) In force since 2026-01-01Requires large frontier developers to publish and follow a frontier AI framework, publish transparency reports, and report critical safety incidents to Cal OES, with Attorney General civil penalties up to $1,000,000 per violation.Binding · Authority: California Department of Justice - Office of the Attorney General · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=)
- SB 1047 - Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models (vetoed 2024) Vetoed 2024-09-29 Not currentFrontier-model safety bill that would have required developers and compute providers of large AI models to adopt safeguards and created a Board of Frontier Models; vetoed on 2024-09-29. SB 53 followed in 2025.Draft, no legal force · Authority: California State Legislature · Verified 8 Oct 2026 · [Official text](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf)

Obligations

- Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.12(a)-(b)Large frontier developers must write, implement, comply with and publish a frontier AI framework, review it annually and republish material modifications within 30 days.risk management · Applies to: provider · Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (SB 53)
- Order ¶ 1GovOps must complete Government Code section 8898.1 requirements and post IVO application requirements, procedures and criteria no later than May 1, 2027.authorisation · Applies to: other · Executive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations
- Order ¶ 2GovOps must complete Government Code section 11549.82(a) requirements and begin the actions required by subdivision (b) no later than December 1, 2027.registration · Applies to: other · Executive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations
- Order ¶ 3GovOps, with Cal OES, must submit recommendations on embedding IVOs onsite, verified frameworks, kill-switch requirements and incident definitions no later than November 16, 2026.other · Applies to: other · Executive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations
- EO 14409 Sec. 3(a)Within 60 days of the order, Treasury, War (through NSA) and Homeland Security (through CISA), in consultation with White House and Commerce officials, must develop and maintain a classified benchmarking process to assess AI models' advanced cyber capabilities and set the threshold for designating a covered frontier model; the section creates no mandatory licensing requirement.risk management · Applies to: other · Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security

Milestones

- 16 Nov 2026GovOps/Cal OES recommendations on frontier AI safety amendments due to Governor UpcomingExecutive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations
- 1 Jan 2027Department of Technology first annual recommendations on frontier definitions due UpcomingTransparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (SB 53)
- 1 May 2027GovOps completes Gov. Code section 8898.1 requirements (IVO application requirements and criteria) UpcomingExecutive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations
- 1 Dec 2027GovOps completes Gov. Code section 11549.82(a) requirements (AI Auditor Registry) UpcomingExecutive Order N-9-26 - AI oversight, independent verification and kill-switch recommendations

Claims and evidence (20)
- SB 53 added Chapter 25.1 (TFAIA) to the Business and Professions Code, effective 2026-01-01.Confidence: Confirmed · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.10This chapter shall be known as the Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act.

- Derived: Probable TFAIA is codified law with civil penalties.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.15(a)-(b)shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount dependent upon the severity of the violation that does not exceed one million dollars ($1,000,000) per violation. (b) A civil penalty described in this section shall be recovered in a civil action brought only by the Attorney General.

- TFAIA is effective January 1, 2026.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.10(Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 138, Sec. 2. (SB 53) Effective January 1, 2026.)

- A frontier model is a foundation model trained with more than 10^26 operations.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.11(i)(1)“Frontier model” means a foundation model that was trained using a quantity of computing power greater than 10^26 integer or floating-point operations.

- A large frontier developer has more than $500,000,000 of annual gross revenues with affiliates.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.11(j)“Large frontier developer” means a frontier developer that together with its affiliates collectively had annual gross revenues in excess of five hundred million dollars ($500,000,000) in the preceding calendar year.

- Derived: Probable Civil penalty does not exceed $1,000,000 per violation.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.15(a)-(b)shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount dependent upon the severity of the violation that does not exceed one million dollars ($1,000,000) per violation. (b) A civil penalty described in this section shall be recovered in a civil action brought only by the Attorney General.

- SB 53 applies to frontier models, a subset of foundation models.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.11(i)(1)“Frontier model” means a foundation model that was trained using a quantity of computing power greater than 10^26 integer or floating-point operations.

- Large frontier developers must publish a frontier AI framework, review it at least annually, and republish material modifications within 30 days.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.12(a)A large frontier developer shall write, implement, comply with, and clearly and conspicuously publish on its internet website a frontier AI framework that applies to the large frontier developer’s frontier models and describes how the large frontier developer approaches all of the following:

- Frontier developers must report critical safety incidents to Cal OES within 15 days of discovery, or within 24 hours to an appropriate authority where there is imminent risk of death or serious physical injury.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.13(c)(1)a frontier developer shall report any critical safety incident pertaining to one or more of its frontier models to the Office of Emergency Services within 15 days of discovering the critical safety incident.

- The Department of Technology must assess and recommend updates to the definitions of frontier model and frontier developer on or before January 1, 2027 and annually thereafter.Confidence: Probable · As of 1 Jan 2027 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code Div. 8 Ch. 25.1 (Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act, SB 53) - codified text](https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&title=&part=&chapter=25.1.&article=) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Bus. & Prof. Code § 22757.14(a)On or before January 1, 2027, and annually thereafter, the Department of Technology shall assess recent evidence and developments relevant to the purposes of this chapter

- The Governor signed Executive Order N-9-26 on September 18, 2026.Confidence: Probable · As of 18 Sep 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Signature blockIN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 18th day of September 2026.
- [Governor Newsom issues executive order on independent oversight and an AI kill switch (2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/2026/09/18/governor-newsom-issues-executive-order-to-accelerate-independent-oversight-and-advance-the-creation-of-an-ai-kill-switch/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Press release leadGovernor Newsom today issued an executive order directing actions to address the dangers of recent AI incidents.

- Binding on executive agencies; creates no enforceable private rights.Confidence: Probable · As of 18 Sep 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Order ¶ 1No later than May 1, 2027, the Government Operations Agency shall complete the requirements of Section 8898.1 of the Government Code and develop application requirements, procedures, and criteria for independent verification organizations and publicly post them, as required by law.
- [Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Closing paragraphThis Order is not intended to, and does not, create any rights or benefits, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity

- GovOps must complete Gov. Code section 8898.1 requirements by May 1, 2027 and section 11549.82(a) requirements by December 1, 2027, and submit frontier AI safety amendment recommendations by November 16, 2026.Confidence: Probable · As of 18 Sep 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Order ¶ 1No later than May 1, 2027, the Government Operations Agency shall complete the requirements of Section 8898.1 of the Government Code and develop application requirements, procedures, and criteria for independent verification organizations and publicly post them, as required by law.
- [Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Order ¶ 2No later than December 1, 2027, the Government Operations Agency shall complete the requirements of subdivision (a) of Section 11549.82 of the Government Code
- [Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Order ¶ 3shall, no later than November 16, 2026, submit to my office recommendations, developed in consultation with national experts, addressing the technical feasibility and potential efficacy of amendments to existing state laws regarding AI safety and security

- EO N-9-26 signed 2026-09-18.Confidence: Probable · As of 18 Sep 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order N-9-26 (signed 2026-09-18)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/09/FINAL-N-9-26-AI-EO-9.18.26-SIGNED.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Signature blockIN WITNESS WHEREOF I have hereunto set my hand and caused the Great Seal of the State of California to be affixed this 18th day of September 2026.

- Executive Order 14409 was issued on June 2, 2026.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Jun 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · HeaderJune 2, 2026 Executive Order 14409 By the authority vested in me as President

- The order directs federal agencies and states it does not authorise mandatory licensing of AI models.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Jun 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EO 14409 Sec. 3(a)develop and maintain a classified benchmarking process to assess the advanced cyber capabilities of AI models and determine the threshold at which an AI model should be designated a "covered frontier model" for the purposes of this order
- [Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EO 14409 Sec. 3(c)Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the creation of a mandatory governmental licensing, preclearance, or permitting requirement for the development, publication, release, or distribution of new AI models, including frontier models.

- EO 14409 sets up designation of covered frontier models and disclaims any mandatory licensing requirement.Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Jun 2026 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EO 14409 Sec. 3(a)develop and maintain a classified benchmarking process to assess the advanced cyber capabilities of AI models and determine the threshold at which an AI model should be designated a "covered frontier model" for the purposes of this order
- [Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EO 14409 Sec. 3(c)Nothing in this section shall be construed to authorize the creation of a mandatory governmental licensing, preclearance, or permitting requirement for the development, publication, release, or distribution of new AI models, including frontier models.
- [Executive Order 14409 - Promoting Advanced Artificial Intelligence Innovation and Security (2026-06-02)](https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/promoting-advanced-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-security/) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · EO 14409 Sec. 3Sec. 3. Secure Frontier Model Deployment. Within 60 days of the date of this order, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War, through the Director of NSA, and the Secretary of Homeland Security, through the Director of CISA

- SB 1047 was introduced in the California Legislature and did not become law.Confidence: Probable · As of 29 Sep 2024 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, openingSEP 2 9 2024 To the Members of the California State Senate: I am returning Senate Bill 1047 without my signature.
- [Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, reasoningBy focusing only on the most expensive and large-scale models, SB 1047 establishes a regulatory framework that could give the public a false sense of security about controlling this fast-moving technology.

- SB 1047 has no legal force.Confidence: Probable · As of 29 Sep 2024 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, openingSEP 2 9 2024 To the Members of the California State Senate: I am returning Senate Bill 1047 without my signature.
- [Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, reasoningBy focusing only on the most expensive and large-scale models, SB 1047 establishes a regulatory framework that could give the public a false sense of security about controlling this fast-moving technology.

- The Governor vetoed SB 1047 on 2024-09-29, saying a model-size threshold could give the public a false sense of security.Confidence: Probable · As of 29 Sep 2024 · evidencedEvidence and sources[Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, openingSEP 2 9 2024 To the Members of the California State Senate: I am returning Senate Bill 1047 without my signature.
- [Governor Newsom veto message - SB 1047 (2024-09-29)](https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/SB-1047-Veto-Message.pdf) T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Veto message, reasoningBy focusing only on the most expensive and large-scale models, SB 1047 establishes a regulatory framework that could give the public a false sense of security about controlling this fast-moving technology.

Open evidence