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European Economic Area: General-Purpose AI

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Artificial Intelligence Act (Valid from 2024-08-01): Horizontal EU regulation setting risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose AI models, applying in stages from 2 February 2025 to 2 August 2028 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744.

4 instruments · 5 obligations · 7 claims · Next: (Providers of GPAI models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply)

4 instruments (4 current) · 5 obligations · 7 claims · 5 milestones

Instruments

  • Artificial Intelligence Act Valid from 2024-08-01

    Horizontal EU regulation setting risk-based rules for AI systems and general-purpose AI models, applying in stages from 2 February 2025 to 2 August 2028 as amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744.

    Binding · Authority: European AI Office (European Commission), European Data Protection Supervisor · Verified · Official text
  • Commission guidelines for providers of general-purpose AI models Date not recorded

    Commission guidelines clarifying the scope of obligations for GPAI model providers.

    Non-binding · Verified · Official text
  • General-Purpose AI Code of Practice Valid from 2025-07-10

    Voluntary code on safety, transparency and copyright for GPAI model providers, published 10 July 2025.

    Non-binding · Verified · Official text
  • Implementing Regulation on the scientific panel of independent experts Date not recorded

    Establishes the scientific panel that advises the AI Office and national authorities on general-purpose AI models with systemic risk.

    Binding · Authority: Scientific Panel of independent experts under the AI Act · Verified · Official text

Obligations

  • Article 53(1)(a)-(b)

    Providers of general-purpose AI models must keep up-to-date technical documentation for the AI Office and national authorities and provide information to downstream providers integrating the model.

    documentation · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Article 53(1)(c)

    Providers of general-purpose AI models must put in place a policy to comply with Union copyright law, including identifying and complying with rights reservations under Article 4(3) of Directive (EU) 2019/790.

    other · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Article 53(1)(d)

    Providers of general-purpose AI models must publish a sufficiently detailed summary of the content used for training according to the AI Office template.

    transparency disclosure · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Article 55(1)

    Providers of general-purpose AI models with systemic risk must evaluate and adversarially test the model, assess and mitigate systemic risks, report serious incidents and ensure cybersecurity protection.

    risk management · Applies to: provider · Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Article 10(2)

    Experts on the scientific panel must be independent from any provider of AI systems or general-purpose AI models.

    other · Applies to: other · Implementing Regulation on the scientific panel of independent experts

Milestones

  • Entry into force of the AI Act Met
    Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Chapters I and II (definitions, prohibitions) apply Met
    Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Governance, GPAI obligations and penalties apply; Member States designate authorities Met
    Artificial Intelligence Act
  • General application; Article 50 transparency rules and enforcement start Met
    Artificial Intelligence Act
  • Providers of GPAI models placed on the market before 2 August 2025 must comply Upcoming
    Artificial Intelligence Act
Claims and evidence (7)

  • A GPAI model is presumed to carry systemic risk when cumulative training compute exceeds 10^25 FLOPs.

    Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidenced
    Evidence and sources

  • GPAI providers must keep technical documentation, inform downstream providers, maintain a copyright-compliance policy and publish a training-content summary.

    Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidenced
    Evidence and sources

  • Providers of GPAI models with systemic risk must additionally evaluate and adversarially test the model, mitigate systemic risks, report serious incidents and secure the model.

    Confidence: Probable · As of 2 Aug 2025 · evidenced
    Evidence and sources

  • Derived: Probable The Commission may fine GPAI providers up to EUR 15 million or 3% of worldwide turnover, whichever is higher, under Article 101(1).

    Confidence: Confirmed · evidenced
    Evidence and sources
    • AI Act Service Desk: Article 101 T1 · retrieved · retrieved 8 Oct 2026 · Article 101(1)The Commission may impose on providers of general-purpose AI models fines not exceeding 3 % of their annual total worldwide turnover in the preceding financial year or EUR 15 000 000, whichever is higher.

  • The Commission issued guidelines clarifying the scope of obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models.

    Confidence: Probable · evidenced
    Evidence and sources

  • The General-Purpose AI Code of Practice was published on 10 July 2025 and providers who voluntarily sign it can use adherence to show compliance with the AI Act.

    Confidence: Probable · As of 10 Jul 2025 · evidenced
    Evidence and sources

  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2025/454 establishes the scientific panel of independent experts in the field of artificial intelligence.

    Confidence: Confirmed · As of 7 Mar 2025 · evidenced
    Evidence and sources